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Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) is an association of U.S. social democrats, that had been called the Socialist Party of America (SP) until the 1972 convention where it changed its name to SDUSA to clarify its objectives.〔 〕 The Socialist Party had stopped running independent Presidential candidates, and consequently the name "Party" had confused the public. Replacing the name "socialist" with "social democrat", SDUSA clarified its vision to Americans who confused socialism with Soviet Communism,〔 which SDUSA opposed. In response, former SPA Co-Chairman Michael Harrington resigned from SDUSA in 1973 and founded the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee, which criticized SDUSA's anti-Communism and which welcomed the middle-class movements associated with the unsuccessful Presidential Campaign of George McGovern.〔 〕 SDUSA members opposed McGovern's politics; a few of them helped to start the Coalition for a Democratic Majority, and such members have been called Democrats or neoconservatives (or both). SDUSA's members had been active in the African-American civil-rights movement, which had been led since the 1940s by A. Philip Randolph. SDUSA's leaders had organized the 1963 March on Washington, during which Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his ''I Have a Dream'' speech. Under the leadership of Randolph and Bayard Rustin, SDUSA championed Rustin's emphasis on economic inequality as the most important issue facing African-Americans after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. SDUSA's efforts to reduce economic inequality led to a focus on labor unions and economic policy, and SDUSA members were active in the AFL–CIO confederation as well as in individual unions, especially the American Federation of Teachers. SDUSA's electoral strategy ("realignment") intended to organize labor unions, civil rights organizations, and other constituencies into a coalition that would transform the Democratic Party into a social-democratic party. The realignment strategy emphasized working with unions and especially the AFL–CIO, putting an emphasis on economic issues that would unite working-class voters. SDUSA opposed the New Politics of Senator George McGovern, which had lost all states but Massachusetts to Richard Nixon at the 1972 election, when Americans voted for a Democratic House of Representatives in the House elections. While SDUSA had endorsed McGovern, it had adopted resolutions criticizing the New Politics for having made criticisms of labor unions and working-class Americans and for its advocacy of an immediate and unconditional U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam. SDUSA's organizational activities included sponsoring discussions and issuing position papers. SDUSA included civil-rights activists and leaders of labor unions, such as Bayard Rustin, Norman Hill, and Tom Kahn of the AFL–CIO, and Sandra Feldman and Rachelle Horowitz of the American Federation of Teachers. SDUSA's Tom Kahn organized the AFL-CIO's support of Poland's Solidarity, an independent labor-union that challenged Communism. Penn Kemble and Carl Gershman cooperated with Republican and Democratic administrations on democracy promotion, beginning with the Reagan administration. Other members included the philosopher Sidney Hook. SDUSA ceased operations in 2005, following the death of Penn Kemble. In 2008–2009 two small organizations emerged, each proclaiming itself to be the successor to SDUSA. SDUSA's politics were criticized by former Socialist-Party Chairman Michael Harrington, who in 1972 announced that he favored an immediate pull-out of US forces from Vietnam (without requiring any guarantees); after losing all votes at the 1972 convention that changed the Socialist Party to SDUSA, Harrington resigned in 1973 and formed his Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (''DSOC''), which welcomed the New Politics and middle-class leadership.〔〔"The new strata of the issue-oriented and college-educated who provided the mass bass for (McGovern Campaign ) were, and are, extremely important to the creation of a new majority for change in this country."Harrington, ''Fragments of the Century,'' pp. 212-213.〕 The 1972 changing of the name of the Socialist Party of America to SDUSA and the 1973 formation of DSOC represented a split in the U.S. socialist movement. Some members of SDUSA have been called "right-wing social-democrats",〔(Vaisse, op cit. p. 91 )〕 a taunt according to Ben Wattenberg.〔 SUDSA members supported the free labor-union of Poland, Solidarity (''Solidarność''), with Tom Kahn working for AFL-CIO and later Carl Gershman working for the National Endowment for Democracy.〔 Their support of Solidarity was criticized by the Carter Administration, the Soviet Union, and other supporters of ''Détente''. SDUSA members (like the AFL-CIO and at Solidarity's request) supported using economic aid to Poland's Communist government as a bargaining chip to help Solidarity, while neoconservatives and "hard-line" conservatives opposed such aid in 1981.〔〔〔 SDUSA leaders Penn Kemble and Bayard Rustin and former SDUSA-member Joshua Muravchik were called "second-generation neoconservatives" by Justin Vaisse.〔 These leaders, along with Kahn, Horowitz and Gersham, are also regarded as Shachtmanites by most other scholars.〔(Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History, Volume 1 By Eric Arnesen (Taylor & Francis, 2007), p. 796 )〕〔(The Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior, edited by Kenneth F. Warren (SAGE Publications, 2008 ) p. 749-750 )〕〔(Richard D. Kahlenberg, Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race and Democracy (Columbia University Press, 2013), p. 157-158 )〕 SDUSA leader Penn Kemble rejected the neoconservative label and called himself a social democrat (even while dying in 2005).〔 Muravchik (the 1973 youth-leader), disputed the Shachtmanite label for his generation and has called himself a neoconservative,〔 to the disappointment of his SDUSA associates who continue to identify with social democracy and to disagree with neoconservatism.〔〔〔 ==Formerly the Socialist Party of America== (詳細はA. Philip Randolph, the civil-rights and labor-union leader, and with Michael Harrington, the author of ''The Other America''. Even before the 1972 convention, Michael Harrington had resigned as an Honorary Chairperson of the Socialist Party,〔 "because he was upset about the group’s failure to enthusiastically support George McGovern and because of its views on the Vietnam War."〔(Richard D. Kahlenberg, Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race and Democracy (Columbia University Press, Aug 13, 2013), p. 157-158 )〕 In its 1972 Convention, the Socialist Party had two Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman (of the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union,〔Gerald Sorin, ''The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880–1920.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; pg. 155.〕 ILGWU) and a First National Vice Chairman, James S. Glaser, who were re-elected by acclamation.〔 In his opening speech to the Convention, Co-Chairman Bayard Rustin called for SDUSA to organize against the "reactionary policies of the Nixon Administration"; Rustin also criticized the "irresponsibility and élitism of the 'New Politics' liberals".〔 The Party changed its name to "Social Democrats, USA" by a vote of 73 to 34.〔 * The ''New York Times'' reported on the 1972 Convention on other days, e.g., * * 〕 Changing the name of the Socialist Party to "Social Democrats USA" was intended to be "realistic": the intention was to respond to the end of the running of actual Socialist Party candidates for office, to respond to the confusions of Americans. ''The New York Times'' observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored a candidate for President in 1956, who received only 2,121 votes, which were cast in only 6 states. Because the Socialist Party no longer sponsored party candidates in elections, continued use of the name "Party" was "misleading" and hindered the recruiting of activists who participated in the Democratic Party, according to the majority report. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism.〔 Moreover, the organization sought to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties, the Socialist Workers Party and the Socialist Labor Party. During the 1972 convention, the majority ("Unity Caucus") won every vote, by a ratio of two to one. The Convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for the "Coalition Caucus" of Michael Harrington, 2 for the left-wing "Debs Caucus", and one for the "independent" Samuel H. Friedman. Friedman and the minority caucuses had opposed the name change.〔 The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote. On foreign policy, the program called for "firmness toward Communist aggression". However, on the Vietnam War, the program opposed "any efforts to bomb Hanoi into submission"; instead, it endorsed negotiating a peace agreement, which should protect Communist political cadres in South Vietnam from further military or police reprisals. Harrington's proposal for a ceasefire and immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces was defeated.〔 Harrington complained that, after its convention, the Socialist Party had endorsed George McGovern only with a statement loaded with "constructive criticism" and that it had not mobilized enough support for McGovern. The majority caucus's Arch Puddington replied that the California branch was especially active in supporting McGovern, while the New York branch were focusing on a congressional race.〔 When the Socialist Party changed its name to Social Democrats, USA, Bayard Rustin became its public spokesman. According to Rustin, SDUSA aimed to transform the Democratic Party into a social-democratic party.〔〔A strategy of re-alignment was particularly associated with Max Shachtman. * (Maurice Isserman, The Other American: The Life Of Michael Harrington (Public Affairs, 2001), p.290-304 ) *(Martin Duberman, A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds (The New Press, 2013) )〕 Some months after the convention, Michael Harrington resigned his membership in SDUSA; he and some of his supporters from the Coalition Caucus soon formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC).〔: Originally: 〕 Many members of the Debs caucus resigned from SDUSA, and some of them formed the Socialist Party USA.〔Busky 2000, pp. 165. 〕 The changing of the name of the Socialist Party of America to SDUSA and the 1973 formation of DSOC and the SPUSA represented a split in the U.S. socialist movement. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Social Democrats, USA」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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